Cyber Crime And Cyber Criminals - 844 Words

Cyber crime is defined as any crime that involves a computer and network. Individuals, businesses and government agencies around the world constantly face threats to their medical information, consumer data, as well as company trade information and military decisions. Cyber security specialists are professionals that are specifically trained to protect individuals and organizations from cyber crime, hackers and scammers. Cyber criminals cause chaos Cyber criminals take pride in creating chaos, and the chaos that cyber criminals inflict on their victims can be crippling to individuals and corporations. We have all heard about hackers getting information from major retail chains as well as information being leaked that included Social Security numbers for millions of people. We use the internet with somewhat of a naivete expectation that all of our information is safe. That is, until something untoward occurs, and then it can be all out panic. The faces of cyber crime - frequent types of incidents Interruption of service Viruses, worms or other malicious code Phishing Spyware implanted Ransomware One of the ways in which cyber criminals like to operate is by causing an interruption of service which can cause significant damage to all those effected. When a network comes to a screeching halt, so do all of the services that corporation or organization provides. Network viruses are another favorite method of cyber criminals. As we all know, viruses can bring a network toShow MoreRelatedCyber Crime And Cyber Criminal Activity1839 Words   |  8 PagesHave you ever considered the criminals motives for engaging in such type of criminal activity? While computers and the Internet have undoubtedly brought great advantages to society. Computers have also paved new ways for criminals to engage in dangerous activities that are unprecedented in scope and could potentially cause catastrophic consequences for society. Cyber criminal activity occurs constantly, however, many people are unaware of the true meaning of cyber crime and their risks associated withRead MoreCyber Criminals: Cyber-Crime and Cyberstalking Essay1422 Words   |  6 Pagesitems safe items like wallet chains are used to stop criminals in their tracks. In the case of cars where they cannot always be watched, car alarms were made to protect from thieves. All of these systems are in place to keep people and their possessions safe. There is an area in people’s lives that is not heavily inspected for weaknesses, however. Computers offer criminals a wide range of crimes with smaller risk and no physical harm. These crimes have a huge impact on society because of the end resultsRead MoreCyber Crime And Criminal Justice1420 Words   |  6 Pages Cyber Crime in Criminal Justice James Franklin Florida International Abstract The Internet is the connection of computer networks that link billions of devices worldwide. Every day the Internet is getting bigger and bigger bringing the world even closer. Unfortunately, with the growth of the Internet, this has created more problems for the Cyber World. While the justice system is attempting to handle this issue, it is becoming too consistent and numerous individualsRead MoreCyber Crimes and Juvenile Criminal Behavior744 Words   |  3 PagesWhat drives people to commit crimes can be anything from financial instability to psychological issues. Specialists have long tried to explain what lies beyond the actual crime act and have been further challenged by the emergence of the technological era. In a time when societies depend alarmingly on computers, digital crime can no longer be confronted the same as regular offences because they are being played on an entire different level. It is our belief that each of the existing theories whichRead MoreCyber Criminolo gy: Exploring Internet Crimes and Criminal Behavior by K. Jaishankar2837 Words   |  12 Pagesassaulted by an individual? In Cyber Criminology: Exploring Internet Crimes and Criminal Behavior by K. Jaishankar, he describes all the ways people across the world are attacked everyday by some sort of malware or by an individual, such as a pedophile. Certain topics that will be discussed are subcultures in cyberspace, types of hackers/crackers, virtual sex offenders along with pedophiles, digital piracy, cyber victimization, and legal circumstances that occur when cyber crimes have been committed. WeRead MoreThe Achievement And Success Of Cyber Crimes1124 Words   |  5 PagesSuccess in Cybercrime Cyber crimes refer to crimes committed against computers, computer networks of the information stored in computers (Bronk, 2008). In the past, the main problem that law enforcement officers have faced with regard to cyber crimes has had to do with the jurisdiction. With the prominence of the internet as a means communication and computers are a means of accessing information, cyber crimes have become prevalent. However, given the realisation that cyber crimes can be committed byRead MoreEssay on Computer Crime: Technology and Cyberspace1343 Words   |  6 Pagesbasis is criminals committing either trivial or major crimes; so it is not hard to imagine that these two actions would start to syndicate into one. Cyber-crime is defined as â€Å"unauthorized use of a computer for personal gain† (Dictionary.com), but the true depth of the definition is so much deeper. Anyone can be affected by cyber-crime, it can affect personal computer users all the way to massive corporations. Th ere are many government agencies trying to get control of this growing problem. Cyber-crimeRead MoreThe Complexities of Prosecuting Cyber Crime Essay650 Words   |  3 PagesCyber crime and traditional crime have similar identifiable traits when criminal activity is the outcome. The goal of any criminal is to cause harm, threat steal, extortion, to name a few with intent to harm the public good. Local and state law prosecutes traditional crimes through the state attorney. The prosecutor represents the people(entity) of the state. The defendant or the entity charged must prove to the state, by reasonable doubt, their innocent’s of the charges. IndividualsRead MoreShould Government Implement Laws For Cyber Crime?977 Words   |  4 PagesGovernment implement laws to prevent cyber crime† Today is the era of technology and globalisation, as it connects the whole world together but also opens new ways to crime. Cyber crime is the result of negative use of technology. Cyber crime refers to a crime which is committed through internet or computer. Cyber crime is of differenr types like stealing of money or information, piracy, electronic vendalism that is destroying or changing the electronic information. Cyber terrorism which threatens not onlyRead MoreWhat Is Cyber Crime?1424 Words   |  6 PagesWHAT IS CYBER CRIME? Crime is a common word that we always heard in this globalization era. Crimes refer to any violation of law or the commission of an act forbidden by law. Crime and criminality have been associated with man since long time ago. There are different strategies practices by different countries to contend with crime. It is depending on their extent and nature. It can be concluded that a nation with high index of crime cases cannot grow or develop well. This is because crime is the

Ancient Greece s Role Influencing Today s Modern Society

Esteban Aguirre HST 347 Professor Simonton 11/18/15 Second paper Ancient Greece has played a vital role influencing today’s modern society, and as we learn more about women in this time period, connections continue to be drawn on today’s societal norms. Politics, art, philosophy, drama, and architecture are all influenced heavily by Ancient Greek civilizations. Greece at the time was not a united nation, but rather a collection of sovereign communities referred to as â€Å"City-States†; each City-State had different customs, beliefs but shared the same religion, language, and ritual practices. Due to the terrain, location, and whether it was difficult for communication and further development of communities. Therefore we see a vast spectrum†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Spartans were the only Greek women whose upbringing was prescribed by the same state and who were educated at state expense† (Palmaroy 97). The Spartan women unlike the rest of Greek women, who spent most of their time indoor and given less food, were well nourished, drank wine, and partook in outdoor exercise. In Dillon and Garland the first hand account says: â€Å"Lykourgos†¦prescribed physical training for the female sex no less than for the male†(DG Xenophon â€Å"Constitution of the Spartans† 4.16). Women in Athens were subjected to poor treatment and â€Å"performed the domestic tasks of spinning and weaving, food preparation, and childcare†(Palmaroy 29). It was found desirable for men that women be subjected to only the household so that there would be no mistake or rumor of a mans wife sleeping or flirting with someone else. Women from Attica had to be taught how to manage the household as well as sometimes even to learn how to speak since they only new the basics and were taught to stay inside. We see a shared religious role shared between these City-States. Since all of Greece shared had a unanimous religion, women had a vital role in religious procedures. Excluded from the p olitical life of the polis, women played a vital role in religious life. â€Å"Here a chorus of well-born Athenian women list their religious activities in which they have participated in the past, which include having been an

Proof That God Exists… Free Essays

I will focus on the intention of proving that God exists. Some people believe that God is real and that He was the one who â€Å"created† the world and who put Christianity together. I personally believe that people who aren’t religious or do not believe in Jesus Christ or God aren’t really up to standards with how the world was created and who the Miracle Worker of it all is truly. We will write a custom essay sample on Proof That God Exists†¦ or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will express my own opinion of how God and Jesus exist and how the Big Bang theory is just made up by scientists. I will prove this in my conclusion. Main Part of My Essay Some people feel that there is definite proof for God’s existence due to: Personal Experience: For me, my personal experience is that, and this is true what I’m about to tell you, my dear mother passed on and that God and her are watching me and I feel like crying because I know that she is in my soul forever. This is personally directing towards my own life. Personal Miracles: For me, my personal miracle, I find quite funny. When I was little, when my mother was alive, I couldn’t zip up my coat. So I asked my mum if she could help me. She tried and she failed. I asked her, † Mummy, pray to God, he will help me zip up this coat,† and she said†OK. Please God; help Alice to zip up her little coat. † My mum tried again and it worked. My zip worked. I don’t know if it was the power of God that did it for me or that my mum is a really strong person. But this is my personal miracle and I believed it was God. Religious Miracles: A miracle is an event that appears to be unexplainable by the laws of nature. So it is held to be as a supernatural or ghostly feeling as an act of God. There are several views on religious miracles: 1. Many religious people see miracles as signs of Jesus Christ or God and those who experience miracles to be divine and are a favour of God. . Others believe that there’s a supernatural world and miracles happen through that. 3. Many others believe that a supernatural world and religious miracles are impossible and can’t be physically done through and think that miracles are just lies through the Big Bang Theory. Religious views on Conscience: Religious views of conscience usually see it as links to a moral in all humans, to divinity. The diverse features of religion may not necessarily be with experiential, emotive, spiritual or considerations about the origin and operation of the conscience and its religious views about it. How to cite Proof That God Exists†¦, Papers

Ethics For Professional Or Any Personnel †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Ethics For Professional Or Any Personnel? Answer: Introducation If I were the one doing the network configuration, I would refuse to do the job due to the risk involved afterwards. I would not play part in configuring a very insecure network knowing well future repercussions. Below is a discussion as to why I should refuse the job: As an IT systems administrator, I must commit myself to being responsible in ensuring that the computing environment remains safe, productive and healthy. This is accomplished by making sure I make decisions and choices consistently and accepting honest criticism. When it comes to IT security, privacy is critical since administrators often have access to most of the information even when it is encrypted. It is important for me to commit myself to maintain the confidentiality of any information I access and to only access information when it is necessary(Bynum Rogerson, Septermber 11, 2003). Integrity is maintained when the administrator remains honest in all their work, identify mistakes and offer assistance when required. This will help to avoid conflicts of interest and biasness and offer assistance void of bias and conflicts. It is also a socially important issue to maintain professionalism in IT Systems administration eliminating any aspects of unfairness due to personal feeling or beliefs. Any user or client who needs assistance should be offered professionally with no regard to personal interests. The administrator commits to continue growing their skills and knowledge and continue to share them with others when needed. IT systems have gradually continued to grow and it is significantly important to be updated. Ethical behaviors in accordance with professional codes Confidential whereby administrators should normally practice confidentiality of the highest order. A confidentiality agreement may be signed or not but the administrators confidentiality should not depend on the document. I must be competent and not in any case misrepresenting my competence. It is also important to understand that it is not wise to accept any work out of my expertise level or one which goes against the set code of conduct. IT security systems administrators must recognize all laws governing the way intellectual right are used including copyrights and patents. All the property intellectually owned by employers and clients should also be protected. My knowledge and technical skills will only be used for the assigned duties and not for misusing other peoples computers. This includes playing games on their machines without their permission and disseminating computer viruses. Ethical solutions for societal benefit If the ethical and social issues set by the organizations are tightly upheld, the society is among the beneficiaries(Plotkin, October 1, 2011). The society setting the ethical and social issues helps maintain a moral course in case the organization has some turbulence. It is important to allow the public to take part in setting up the social and ethical issues. The society benefits if the ethical standards put in place due to societal factors are adhered to. For instance, a society may not allow some images to be shared publicly from a users account, it would be a societies benefit if the administrators do not share it. It is also better to educate the public on the importance of the issues to help them understand their rights as per the social and ethical issues put in place. The public should be well related with the law enforcement bodies for adequate protection of their rights. Conclusion Ethical and social issues are an important aspect of information security. There are affected by many factors including the societys behavior and therefore there are no set ethical issues that govern all the IT security systems administrators. The ethical issues change from organization to organization. The administrators must commit themselves fully to the set issues for the success of the client or organization. References Bynum, T. W., Rogerson, S. (Septermber 11, 2003). Computer Ethics and Professional Responsibility. Wiley-Blackwell. Code of ethics. (2017, August 25). Retrieved from American Society for public administration: www.aspanet.org/ASPA/About-ASPA/Code-of-Ethics Committee, S. e. (2017, August 26). System ADministartors' code of ethics. Retrieved from USENIX, the advanced computing systems association: www.usenix.org/system-administration-code-ethics Johnson, G. D. (Janauary 3, 2009). Computer Ethics. Pearson. Plotkin, R. (October 1, 2011). Computer Ethics (Computers, Internet, And Society). Facts of File, Inc. Relkin, J. (2017, August 26). 10 ethical issues confronting IT manages. Retrieved from Tech republic: www.techrepublic.com/article/10-ethical-issues-confronting-it-managers

Robert Browning, Fra Lippo Lippi Essay Example

Robert Browning, Fra Lippo Lippi Paper What methods does Browning use to tell the poem Fra Lippo Lippi Line 1-39? Fra Lippo Lippi was written by Robert Browning in 1855. It is about a monk who called Lippi. When he sneaks out of the church he has been stopped by the watchmens in a drunken state also getting caught going into red district. As the watchmens tell him it was such a surprise finding him here, he drunkenly tells them his story to reassure him self that whatever he is doing is not as bad as the watchmens think it is. This poem by Robert Browning is an example of dramatic monologue which is written the Monks point of view, making him the dominant and the main character. The readers know this as the monk say in line 5 here you catch me at alleys end. When a poem is written in dramatic monologue form, it involves the speaker who reveals his character unintentionally while describing particular event or situation in order to build up a true picture of the actual events that took place by studying their language, tone and structure, Browning informs the readers that this poem takes in a form of dramatic monologue as he says I am poor brother Lippi, the use of poor can suggest to the readers that he is portraying himself as innocent. We will write a custom essay sample on Robert Browning, Fra Lippo Lippi specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Robert Browning, Fra Lippo Lippi specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Robert Browning, Fra Lippo Lippi specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Brownings use of title Fra Lippo Lippi tells the readers that this poem by Robert Browning is about a Florentine painter who has a lot of passion for art through reading the title only. All throughout this poem, Browning has used a dialogue between the monk and the watch mens to engage the readers both in artistic and sexual sense of the monk. This poem falls in the form of black verse as the lines used are not in a rhyme scheme, which is known as the iambic pentameter. Browning has used blank verse in this poem to make this poem dramatic while using a dialogue between the two characters. He has used a running motif throughout the poem as he talks about love and Italian painters such as when he mentions Saint Laurence and Lisa referring to Mona Lisa. This poem is set in the present as the drunken monk says You need not clap your torches to my face however as the readers carry on, they are shown that when the monk explains his reasons for being seen in red light district, he takes the readers back in to the past as he says I was a baby when my mother died (line 81). The poem starts off with the monk getting caught by the watchmen in the middle of the action known as in media res which is a Latin phrase. Browning shows the readers that although he was a monk, he was not committed to his religion as he got drunk and visited where sportive ladies leave their doors ajar referring to the prostitutes. The watchmens are lighting their torches on him while asking him what he is doing there. Although their speech is not written, Browning is showing us what the watchmens are saying as the monk replies to their questions Zooks, whats to blame? You think you see a monk! this shows the readers that even the watchmens are confused as to why a monk would be in this area past midnight wanting some explanation from the monk who is trying to reassure himself that whatever he is doing is nothing wrong as he says to the watchmens whats to blame? . Browning use of question marks shows the readers through monks point of view that the watchmens are accusing him of something wrong he has done as he thinks he has done nothing wrong so they shouldnt be questioning him. Browning has also used caesura to makes this poem dramatic by pausing the monks speech in the middle of the line to pause him using different form of punctuations such as comma or a dash such as when the monk says Do- Harry out, if you must show your zeal, use of commas and dash in this line makes this poem even more effective to read for the readers making them pause, as Lippo is changing the tone of the poem. Also in this poem the monk mentions rats as he is trying to mock the watchmens with the use of metaphor. Browning uses metaphor as a figure of speech in line (9-11) informing the readers that he resembled the watchmens as rats. The monks speech used metaphor to explain his feelings towards them as he could not describe them in ordinary language. The use of onomatopoeia when the monk says weke, weke creates a harsh tone that the monk used to describe the watchmens voices. Onomatopoeia is often used in poems to create sound effects bringing the image to life. As he is referring them to rats, one of the watchmen grabs him by the throat as the monk informs the readers Your hand away thats fiddling on my throat to show that they were very aggressive. The monk tells them that before you take any action upon me, get to know me. He threatens the watchmens as he tells them he knows a master a Cosimo of the Medici. Cosimo of Medici was the rule of Florence, Italy, the monk uses his name so that the watchmens leave him alone as well as threatening them as he was well known in that area. As soon as the monk threatens the watchmens, he starts to show his power and authority over them making them look bad for being aggressive as he says Remember and tell me, the day youre hanged. Browning has also used archaic language in this poem to inform the readers about the period it what written in as he mentions Zooks throughout the poem which is not often used today. This poem is also written in conversation tone to capture the readers intention. Browning makes another use of metaphor as he says Are we pilchards that they sweep the streets and count fair prize what comes into their net? referring himself to a fish and the watchmen who are with him as fishermen and how they sweep the streets. A metaphor is used in this sentence to create a realistic image in the readers mind while describing his emotions and feelings that he has. Browning has also used enjambments in this poem to make the reader read the sentences in fast pace as well as creating a sense of motion as monk says Id like his face His, elbowing on his comrade in the door With the pike and the lantern, for the slaves that holds John Baptists head a-dangle by the hair With one hand And his weapon in the other, yet unwiped! The monk here is saying to one of the watchmens that he would like to draw him as a slave of John Baptist who was a Christian leader. Browning in this entire poem has used a lot of alliteration, enjambments and the used of metaphors to create a deeper meaning of this poem. Throughout the poem the readers see that although the monk is meant to commit himself to God, he is walking in the streets at midnight drinking and visiting the sportive ladies. Many of Browning poems show his deep religiosity and strong optimistic feelings such as the Patriot as well as this poem when the monk says Lord, I am not angry.

Ogdens Basic English - Definitions and Discussion

Ogdens Basic English - Definitions and Discussion Definition Basic English is a version of the English language made simple by limiting the number of its words to 850, and by cutting down the rules for using them to the smallest number necessary for the clear statement of ideas (I.A. Richards, Basic English and Its Uses, 1943).Basic English was developed by British linguist Charles Kay Ogden (Basic English, 1930) and was intended as a medium of international communication. For this reason it has also been called Ogdens Basic English.BASIC is a backronym for British American Scientific International Commercial (English). Although interest in Basic English declined after the 1930s and early 1940s, it relates in some ways to the work carried out by contemporary researchers in the field of English as a lingua franca. For examples of texts that have been translated into Basic English, visit the website of Ogdens Basic English.   See Examples and Observations below. Also see: Controlled EnglishEnglish as a Lingua FrancaGlobal EnglishGlobishNew RhetoricPlain English Examples and Observations Basic English, though it has only 850 words, is still normal English. It is limited in its words and its rules, but it keeps to the regular forms of English. And though it is designed to give the learner as little trouble as possible, it is no more strange to the eyes of my readers than these lines, which are in fact in Basic English. . . .The second point to make clear is that even with so small a word list and so simple a structure it is possible to say in Basic English anything needed for the general purpose of everyday existence . . ..The third most important point about Basic is that it is not merely a list of words, governed by a minimum apparatus of essential English grammar, but a highly organized system designed throughout to be as easy as possible for a learner who is totally ignorant of English or of any related language. . . .(I.A. Richards, Basic English and Its Uses, Kegan Paul, 1943) The Grammar of Basic English[C.K. Ogden argued that] there are very few basic operatio ns hiding behind the very large number of verbs in the normal standard language. Not only can most of the so-called verbs in the language be circumlocuted by phrases such as have a desire for  and put a question, but such circumlocutions represent a truer meaning than the fictions (want, ask) that they replace. This insight prompted Ogden into devising a kind of notional grammar of English in which everything could be expressed by translating it into terms of relationships between Things (with or without modifying Qualities) and Operations. The principal practical benefit was to reduce the number of lexical verbs to a small handful of operational items. In the end he decided on only fourteen (come, get, give, go, keep, let, make, put, seem, take, do, say, see, and send) plus two auxiliaries (be and have) and two modals (will and may). The propositional content of any statement can be expressed in a sentence containing only these operators.(A.P.R. Howatt and H.G. Widdowson,  A Hi story of English Language Teaching, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2004) Weaknesses of Basic EnglishBasic has three weaknesses: (1) It cannot be a world auxiliary language, an avenue into standard English, and a reminder of the virtues of plain usage at one and the same time. (2) Its dependence on operators and combinations produces circumlocutions at times unacceptable in standard English . . .. (3) The Basic words, mainly common, short words like get, make, do, have some of the widest ranges of meaning in the language and may be among the most difficult to learn adequately.(Tom McArthur, The Oxford Companion to the English Language, Oxford University Press, 1992) Also Known As: BASIC, Ogdens Basic English

Beautyism in the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Beautyism in the Workplace - Essay Example for their beauty and this knowledge comes to them by whatever means, they would have no reason to work as hard as they would have in the opposite circumstances. As is human nature, they focus more on being attractive and remaining in that state as that is what got them the position in the first place. Even though it is humanly impossible to overlook one’s attractiveness, it is important to try to analyze that in comparison to their skill set (Sartore, 2006). Hiring people based on their attractiveness does very little for the motivation of other employees. Employees should be made to direct their efforts towards increasing their productive ability. The observance that the management’s focus is in the opposite direction rubs off on them and sends them into confusion. The action of the one person in the management body affects the outlook of employees towards the entire body and not of that particular person. In the case facing the College of Business Administration, the chairperson’s action could be interpreted as the stand of the entire management body, inclusive of human resource. The staff body usually works in parallel direction with the management. Therefore, if they not that the management focus is on productivity in terms of skills, then they equally focus on that. However if they find that other aspects such as beauty are more important they shift focus to that rather than to improving and sustaining their skills. From the same management-employee relationship perspective, Beautyism damages the faith of employees in their management. In whatever circumstances, the management is meant to illustrate integrity in order to establish faith and goodwill (Commisso, 2012). In the event that beautyism becomes a management’s limitation, employees begin to question other aspects of that relationship. Employees begin to worry that they could be biased on other aspects as well leaving them on the losing side. For this reasons, it is important to avoid

Marketing for Events Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Marketing for Events - Coursework Example ined by expertise, market statements and the added worth.1 the customer basis has to be defined clearly and the intent of the company in meeting the customers’ requirements. For Samsung to emerge top in the smartphone market it needs to focus on its key strengths and core company networks. Currently Samsung is the top manufacturer of smartphones in Europe. The tallied figures from 2012 revealed Samsung’s share of the market at 32.3% after overtaking Nokia. Samsung has set goals to attain by the year 2020 and it is reflected in its vision statement ‘Inspire the world, create the future.’ Taking focus on its key strength: creative solutions, new technologies and innovative products. In order for Samsung to reach its $400 billion revenue goal by the year 2020, there are three strategic moves that must come into play. They include: creativity, partnership and talent. Being an innovation leader is essential to Samsung, enough time has been spent being an innovation follower.2 This refers to the blend of product, evaluating, advertising and distribution approaches meant to satisfy exchange within the target market.3 the marketing mix incorporates the four Ps. Product, price promotion, and place. Over the past years, Samsung products have proven to be of standard quality in terms of performance. Choosing to market on this in the development of new products is a brilliant strategy because there is the quality assurance that the customers have. This is a strong hold especially in the Smartphone products. In the launching of the galaxy S4, there is no doubt that the customers are expecting a high performance quality device. Product portfolio is therefore a strongpoint that Samsung can boast of. With the wide range of products that Samsung has to offer, each commodity is accompanied by a unique pricing strategy. Taking into consideration at the complexity of this matter, price change due to outside change should be expected and therefore dealt with at the initial

PI Darren Aronofsky 1998 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PI Darren Aronofsky 1998 - Essay Example This paper will discuss question number one of the instructions stated that is a central theme that suggests looking at the ‘face of God’ can only be done by verbalizing a string of numbers. A central theme in the film which discusses the face of God is the theme of Kabbalah. Kabbalah refers to an esoteric discipline, method or school of thought (Huntley 1). Sean Gullette, in Pi, acts as Maximillian Cohen. He is a paranoid mathematician looking for a number to unchain the patterns set up in nature. Max uses his homemade PC named "Euclid" to investigate these arithmetical patterns. The 216-letter phrase of God sought by the actors of the film refers to as the Explicit Name or the Shem ha-Meforash (Huntley 1). The name comes from the book Exodus 14:19-21. Each of these three bible verses is composed of 72 letters in traditional Hebrew. According to the film, if a person writes these verses in boustrophedon form, then the person gets 72 columns of 3 letter names of God (Huntley 1). Boustrophedon form means that one verse is above the other, the first from right to left. Then the second verse is from left to right and the third is from right to left. The nature of the Divine, according to Pi, prompted kabbalists to foresee two aspects of God. The first aspect is that God is totally unknowable, transcendent, limitless and simple. The second aspect is that God’s manifestation revealed his persona of which He creates and aids mankind (Huntley 1). The film speaks of the first as Ein/Ayn Sof, which means that God that literary has no limits. Of the unfriendly Ein Sof, nothing can be understood. The second feature of Divine emanations, nevertheless, are available to human awareness, vigorously interacting throughout physical and spiritual existence, reveal God immanently, and are tied up in the life of humans (Huntley 1).  

Difference Between Criminal And Civil Procedure Law Essay

Difference Between Criminal And Civil Procedure Law Essay Law is a set of general rules which are created by a superior entity in order to regulate human behaviour and maintain justice and peace in the society. Law applies to everyone living in a particular territory  [1]  . There are as many legal systems in the world as countries, but for academic reasons we classify them into three main categories: Continental (Civil, Romano-Germanic) legal system, Common (Anglo-American) legal system and Religious legal system. Law can be split up in different branches such as, Criminal law, Civil law, Commercial law, etc. In this essay I will discuss the differences between Criminal and Civil procedure in Continental and Common legal system. Continental legal system is the oldest and most widely implemented legal system in the world. It derives from Roman law, Canon law and Commercial law. The Roman law started its contribution by the XII Tables which were published in 450 B.C. Later in the year 530 Justinian codified Roman law by publishing Corpus Juris Civilis. According to Justinian Roman law consisted of Ius Civile the body of laws which applied to local citizens, Ius Gentium the laws which applied to foreigners and Ius Naturale the body of laws that were considered common to all human beings  [2]  . The Canon law was developed by the Church in order to administrate and monitor the rights and obligations of the people. The needs and interests of merchants lead to the development of Commercial law. The historical sources of concepts, institutions, and procedures come from these three sub traditions. Today it is dominant in most parts of Western Europe, all of central and South America, many parts of Asia and Afric a. Continental legal system has influenced the laws of specific nations, the law of international organizations and international law. The main feature of this legal system is that all the laws are codified (i.e. written down). Common Legal System: The Common law system is one of the most influential legal systems of the world. Before 1066 in England there was no legal system, instead it was based upon oral customary rules, which varied from region to region. In 1154, Henry II institutionalised common law by establishing a unified court system which was common to the whole country. The common-law system exists in England, the United States, and other countries which were colonized by England. This makes it one of the most widespread legal systems in the world. Common Law system is mainly based on the case law or judicial precedent, this system doesnt use legislation as a primary source of law instead legislation for them is a clarification of legal rules and principles which are essentially derived from case law/judicial precedents. In this type of legal system law is developed on a case-by-case basis. In the common law system the solution to a case becomes a part of the law. This concept is known as Stare Decisis. Difference between Common and Continental Legal system: In the Common legal system the judges have very broad interpretive power. However in the Continental legal system the judges serve as civil servants who receive salary and belong to an organization of judges  [3]  . In Continental legal system all the laws are written and codified, and unlike Common legal system they are not determined by the judges. Instead they are determined by the parliament. Legislation is the primary source of law and the court system is not adversarial (i.e. the judge takes an active part in the hearings/trials). Also in the Continental legal system any updates to the laws must be made through legislation or some other long process. While in the common law system laws can be changed/updated by single rulings. This allows the common legal system to develop faster than the continental legal system. In the Continental legal system there is a major difference between public and private law. Private law includes the rules governing civil and commercial relation ships, whereas Public law consists of matters that concern the government. Similarly in Common legal system there is a difference in private and public law; however the process is slightly different. Substantive and Procedural Law: There are two main categories within law known as substantive law and procedural law. Substantive law deals with creating and defining the rights and obligations of individuals and parties. It refers to all categories of public and private law. On the other hand, procedural law is the body of legal rules which regulates the process of determining the rights and obligations of parties. Procedural law is also referred to as adjective law  [4]  . It is made up of state or federal statues, rules proclaimed by courts and standards established by constitutional law  [5]  . Common legal system pays more attention to procedural law than to substantive law. However, substantive law plays a vital role in Continental legal system. Criminal Law and Procedure: Criminal law is the body of rules and statues which define the conduct which is prohibited by the state/government because it may harm the society/public. It is a welfare that establishes punishment which will be imposed if this law is broken. Criminal procedure states the rule under which criminal cases are conducted. It involves investigation, prosecution, adjudication and the punishment of the crimes. A regular criminal proceeding, in the Continental legal system, is divided into three main parts: the investigating phase, the examining phase and the trial. The public prosecutor conducts the investigative phase and also takes an active part in the examining phase, which is supervised by the examining judge. This phase is mainly written and it determines whether there is a need for a trial or not  [6]  . The trial is a relatively brief and informal affair conducted by a judge without a jury. The defendant does not necessarily have the right to keep silent. Sometimes the trial do es not require all the witnesses to be present and may last in excess of a year. On the other hand, in the Common legal system a criminal proceeding starts with a police investigation which is aimed at collecting evidence that will prove the defendant guilty. Then an adversarial trial is conducted before either a judge or a jury. The attorneys conduct the trial and try to convince the judge in their favour. The trial is continuous and the evidence against the defendant must be presented by live witnesses in court. One of the basic differences in criminal procedure in Common legal system and Continental legal system is that, the judge in Continental legal system plays a more active role in determining the facts of the case (i.e. takes an active part in the proceedings) while the contrary is true for Common legal system. Also, the continental legal system relies more on written argument than on oral argument. However, in the common legal system everything in the trial is primarily oral. Civil Law and Procedure: Civil law is the body of rules that delineates the private law (e.g. contract law, property law, family law, etc.). It is opposed to criminal or public law. Civil procedure is the body of law that sets out the rules and standards that courts follow while judging civil lawsuits (i.e. non-criminal matters). It administers how a lawsuit/case will be carried out (i.e. the whole process). It is a general part of the private law and can be exercised by anyone to impose, redress or protect their legal rights. In the Continental law civil procedure is found in codes, whereas in the Common legal system it is found in rules of court made under statutory powers. Historically, in the Common legal system civil procedure lawsuits included a jury and a judge. The matter of law was reserved for the decision of the judge and the matters of fact for the jury. Even though, this practice is greatly discontinued in most of the modern Common legal countries the United States still employ it. The litigatio n is commenced by means of a document drawn up by the claimant which is then validated by the court. Hereafter, pleadings are followed by disclosure (i.e. disclosing evidence to the other party). Trial is usually lead by a hearing in which problems arising in pretrial procedure might be determined and attempts to compromise are made. In Continental legal system trial by jury is unknown and the litigation is usually conducted by a multijudge court. The issues of law are often determined by a series of hearings. The prominence is more on written evidence than on oral presentation  [7]  . Difference between Criminal and Civil Procedure: In criminal lawsuits, the litigation is always filed by the state, whereas in civil lawsuits a private party files the litigation and becomes the claimant. In criminal lawsuits a guilty defendant is punished by either imprisonment, fine paid to the state or death penalty (exceptional cases). On the other hand, the losing defendant in civil lawsuits is generally supposed to reimburse for the losses caused to the claimant. In criminal lawsuits the burden of proof is always on the state (i.e. the state must prove that the defendant is guilty), since the defendant is assumed to be innocent until proven guilty. However, in the civil lawsuits the burden of proof is initially on the claimant, but in some cases it shifts to the defendant. In criminal cases the defendant is protected by a number of protections which are specified in the constitution (or legislation). But in civil cases there are no protections offered to defendants. Another difference between criminal and civil lawsuits is th at, criminal cases have to be proven beyond reasonable doubt. Civil cases only have to be proven on the balance of probabilities  [8]  . It can be seen that there are many differences in the Common legal system and the Continental legal system. These differences exist not only in their historical background but also in their approach to legal matters. I personally believe the procedures are flexible and the parties to the case enjoy more rights and obligations in Common Law system, since the Judge refers to a previously held similar cases and the legislation is not codified. As we know, there are clearly many differences between Common and Continental legal systems, however it should be noted that in the recent times both systems have started to converge in their use of the sources of law. As De Cruz (1999) mentions, in the recent times the English legal system has started to give more significance to legislation. On the other hand the Continental legal system has also started to rely on precedents, especially in German constitutional and French administrative courts. Thus, this leads us to think that there is a possi bility of the legal systems converging together. This concept is known as the Convergence theory. This might be possible in some aspects, however not completely because of the enormous difference in ideology, social and economic policies, morality and many other things.

Teodoro Moscoso :: Essays Papers

Teodoro Moscoso Teodoro Moscoso and Puerto Rico’s Operation Bootstrap by Alex W. Maldonado tells us about the life of Teodoro Moscoso, the architect of the â€Å"economic miracle† which most experts did not believe could happen in Puerto Rico. Teodoro Moscoso was born in Barcelona on November 26, 1910. His mother, named Alejandrina Mora Fajardo, was a Spaniard from the Balearic island of Majorca. His father, also named Teodoro, was a pharmacist. He wanted to have a son that could help him accomplish, a branch of pharmacies through Puerto Rico. Moscoso attended school in New York and became a good English speaker. He graduated from Ponce High School; soon after this, he was attending the Philadelphia School of Pharmacy. After studying there for 3 years he insisted to his father, to transfer him to the University of Michigan. He wanted to go there because it offered liberal arts courses which he wanted to study. After graduation in 1932 Moscoso returned to Ponce to work at his father’s pharmacy. He married Gloria Sà ¡nchez Vilella, sister of future Puerto Rico governor Roberto Sà ¡nchez Vilella (1965-1969). Pharmacy work bored Moscoso, and in the mid 1930’s when the Ponce Housing Authority (PHA) was about to lose a two million dollar grant, Pedro Juan Rosaly, a PHA board member approached Moscoso’s father and asked if his son could help. Moscoso’s command of the English language was what drew the interest of PHA officials. Moscoso saved the grant and from 1937 to 1941 he build nearly one thousand housing units, clearing many Ponce slums in the process. It was Moscoso’s work at PHA which captured the interest of the newly appointed governor of Puerto Rico, Rexford G. Tugwell. Tugwell was a member President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s brain trust, a group of well educated, committed Americans who went to Washington during the Great Depression to try to lift the nation out of the economic crisis. After a chance meeting when Tugwell visited Moscoso’s pharmacy in Ponce, Teodoro went to work in La Fortaleza as assistant for housing. The title was a formality in order to get Moscoso a salary for his work, but the actual duties were far broader. Another important event in Teodoro Moscoso’s life occurred in the summer of 1940 when Moscoso met Luis Muà ±oz Marà ­n.