Habermas Political Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Habermas Political Philosophy - Essay Example The Habaermas talk morals hypothesis endeavors to clarify the induction of open objectivity in the light of good nuts and bolts and standardizing approval. This is an incredibly perplexing exertion for hypothetically defining the basics given by Kant’s deontological morals especially as far as separation of open structures. At the end of the day it endeavors to clarify the widespread nature just as the compulsory idea of profound quality through inciting the all inclusive commitment of informative objectivity. Habermas suggests that the legitimacy of the standards of ethical quality isn't legitimate in the psyche of an individual and on his/her impression of the world. Or maybe the norm’s legitimacy is absolutely needy and conceivable when the procedure is exposed to argumentation among people; subsequently it is fairly rationalization. As such the hypothesis expresses that the â€Å"validity of a case to regularizing rightness relies on the common comprehension accomplished by people in an argument† (Habermas 1990). Habermas has from the above contentions deducted that the world’s moral standards are the aftereffect of legitimacy guarantees through desultory defenses which have been forced upon people by the presupposition of correspondence and argumentation. A few models can be: The presupposition that there is no contention which is pertinent that is barred by the people engaged with the talk The presuppositions that that all the people that take an interest utilize a similar way of articulation (phonetic and social) in the open trade The presupposition that all the people who take an interest are genuinely propelled by a typical worry for the best contention Other than the abovementioned, there are uncommon and explicit presuppositions that are remarkable to talk: The presupposition that all the people ought to be pleasant on the widespread legitimacy of the case when all is said in done The presupposition that every single individual is completely proficient to talk and act in a reasonable way in order to make them qualified to take part; it additionally surmises that all are equivalent to open new subjects and bring them into the talk whether it is as a declaration of demeanor or want or needs The presupposition that none of the legitimacy claims are excluded from gathering's basic assessment and argumentation in such manner In

Understanding Empathy

Question: Portray about Empathy, the extent of sympathy comprehension and hindrances to empathic. Answer: Presentation Compassion alludes to the situation where an individual or an advocate comprehends another people circumstance or condition from their perspectives. Along these lines, you get into their circumstances and attempt to encounter what they feel regularly with respect to their condition or conditions. In guiding, compassion is very much seen to elevate the helping (prosocial) conduct. Despite the fact that the United States may mingle its kin to be individualistic, investigate has uncovered that the event of mirror neurons act against feelings affected by others and later produce them once more (Brener, 2014). Sympathy is a decent method of advising since it empowers the advisor and the individual with the condition to share encounters valiantly. Most advisors apply this procedure in many meetings. Compassion strategy can be utilized for all classifications of individuals which incorporate, kids, youthful grown-ups, grown-ups and the older (Maibom, 2014). In the field of psychotherapy and guiding, compassion understanding has been strongly suggested by many advising specialists who have applied the procedure. Compassion and compassion consistently make a little disarray. It just includes distinguishing the client. Sympathy can likewise be characterized as a careful, insistent appreciation of the clients experience that exists inside the person in question (Stotland, Sherman Shaver, 2013). It involves getting to the clients condition as your own. The thought of as though applies for this situation. Exhibiting compassion empowers your customer to feel associated with you. The essential methods of demonstrating compassion is through letting every one of your points of view concerning the condition aside, tune in to the next individual cautiously and see well, formalize the others perspective, study your stance, ask what the individual could do and offer that person a decent bit of guidance after you have assembled all the proof (Schulman , 2014). The extent of compassion understanding The United States people group isn't inside sorted out; in this way, people can't see circumstances from different people point of view. Or maybe, they take a gander at things from their own perspective because of expanded independence. Most of individuals are occupied with their own day by day dealings. A decent number of individuals generally expect to think from the point of view of different people. Be that as it may, they believe is an exercise in futility and not useful. The students in the psychotherapy or guiding happen to have averagely negligible difficulties of fathoming the extent of compassion understanding and permitting themselves into different people groups point of view. It shows that sympathy understanding exists in our general public in any case, positively, not many individuals can rehearse it particularly the individuals who are having some expertise in it at the expert level. Empathic comprehension requires a sharp assessment of the customer. In the first place , the advocate has no clue; the customer has all the thoughts, observation, feeling and demeanor which the advisor ought to guarantee to understanding, get, and comprehend them for better directing (Hoffman, 2013). There are three key degrees of sympathy understanding. To start with, if the client concedes the advocate to go into their condition during the directing time frame, at that point the instructor will be required to be responsive to the customer. For this situation, the customer is probably going to attempt to clarify all the recognitions in the correspondence. Furthermore, advisors must know and grasp the message of the client with the goal that the master gets an outline on where to begin. Finally, the advisor as an expert ought to talk their perspectives or comprehension to the client (Morrell, 2013). The advocate can possibly convey well and sensibly in the event that the individual in question comprehends the customers experience. In a perfect world, an advocate will never be the other individual; the person expect the job. The master is unavoidably outside, however applying the as though circumstance to think on the most proficient method to best deal with the condition. A condi tion can be either adverse or constructive, most of individuals believe that these conditions are just negative which isn't the situation. In both positive and negative conditions, the advocate needs to see each part of the clients feelings, encounters, and convictions. It presently comes clear that in empathic understanding, one plays the job of the other individual and in the capacity; one starts investigating herself or himself as though it were the influenced customer. As one attempts to comprehend the client, involvement in them and furthermore endeavor to feel like they do, the client effectively adjusts all the while and gets help on the most proficient method to communicate, understanding and get herself or himself (Decety, 2014). Obstructions to empathic comprehension The obstructions to sympathy are the clients and advisors deviations. Such contrasts incorporate instructive information, sexual orientation, age, culture, religion or domain, social and monetary contrasts. Truly, nobody can resemble the other individual. Everybody is one of a kind in their own specific manners. The contrasts between the two gatherings can have an effect that is certain or adverse relying upon the uniqueness of the people or the condition that is managed on. A few contrasts may thwart amazing cooperation. As a guide, you can't have numerous encounters to provide food for each client (Krznaric, 2014). Various clients carry on in their own specific manners relying upon how one of a kind they are. Be that as it may, clients are from various social, financial, sex and social set ups, the test is understanding on the most proficient method to speak with every one of them successfully and endeavor to play their job during the time spent guiding. Once in a while, the shade of the individual is likewise a test. How? As an advocate, you can be dark and what happens is that the customer who is white in shading will look downward on you because of segregation. Then again, if the instructor is white, the person may overlook to focus on the dark customer. It essentially happens because of prejudice. Thus, it is exceptionally urged for an advisor to take and extra conduct and sociology major, to help in understanding individuals of various arrangement or foundation all the more adequately. A case of such courses is human sciences (Vincent, 2015). It is somewhat appropriate for an advocate to get enough arrangement before an arrangement for a guiding meeting, particularly for the strength clients. It will give an advisor enough mental fortitude to comprehend the customers, pose potential inquiries and feel certain to analyze the customers. The potential customers feel to be the regarded people and are extremely testing during the directing or psychotherapy period. Some of them carry on as though they are so unique regardless of whether they pay well. Potential clients consistently require primary goal and incredible consideration. As a guide one is should have been nitty gritty and precise to data (Staemmler, 2013). Procedures in Which Counselors Can Prepare Themselves Advocates can set themselves up from numerous points of view. In any case, every advisor lean towards their own procedure which works best. The strategies don't similarly apply to all advocates since they totally don't work for other people. The following are the two key ways on how the guides can set themselves up before taking part in a meeting with customers. In the first place, is through relating with the customers in the typical manner, putting regardless of the polished methodology and claim to fame and simply be an ordinary individual like them. They will feel you are on a similar level and don't hesitate to impart their encounters to you. The greater part of them will encounter an association that will exist among you and them. It will build up the comprehension between the customers and an instructor because of anticipated satisfactory connection because of the worthy relationship. Besides, is by setting aside the effort to peruse a few distributions, articles or abstract works concerning different gatherings and specifically the customers you are probably going to manage in the arrangement. A portion of the materials to soak in incorporate different collections of memoirs and accounts, books and verse (Goldstein Michaels, 2014). Kinds of compassion understanding Most definitely, it has three key classifications. The sorts of sympathy shift starting with one then onto the next and they happen contrastingly relying upon the people in question. The following is a rundown of these sorts and their clarification. Empathic concern Empathic concern alludes to the capacity of a person to make out the enthusiastic state of the other individual, experience the condition and in the event that it isn't sure, feel and show a viable respect. Most people think about this sort at whatever point they talk about sympathy (Reynolds Reason, 2013). Singular trouble Singular trouble alludes to a strict method of feeling someones enthusiastic circumstance. For instance, when you a dramatization, it arrives at a point where you feel sympathy for the entertainer. A genuine model is the place the entertainers take part in a war and one of them gets harmed to a degree where you feel for the benefit of the on-screen character. The experience you feel is the thing that known to be singular trouble (Skultans, 2014). Viewpoint taking Viewpoint taking in a perfect world methods being fit for survey a condition from another people perspective. It includes expecting someones job in a condition. While getting into another people circumstance, you first need to comprehend who the individual is before taking part in context taking. Demonstrating compassion Building sympathy is a decent aptitude that one requires to include their abilities. In the contemporary world, the vast majority are living in dread and outrage. A couple of have a glad existence. In this manner demonstrating compassion to them can essentially assist them with proceeding onward well paying little mind to the difficulties they experience. There are different manners by which sympathy can be appeared. Showing sympathy should be everyones duty and not just the advisors (Breggin, 2016). The approaches to exhibit compassion are talked about beneath. Great tuning in Tuning in

A Complete Overview of 18 Fantasy Subgenres

Fantasy is a genre of literature that features magical and supernatural elements that do not exist in the real world. In broad terms, the fantasy genre is one of the most popular and enduring of the twenty-first century literary market, spawning many New York Times bestsellers. Fantasy is also known for its many subgenres that range from mythical to modern, from kid-centric to frightening, from gritty to otherworldly.The existence of so many types of fantasy helps explain its widespread popularity among today’s fiction readers. Speculative in nature, fantasy is not tied to reality or scientific fact and can include a range of subject matter. Although some writers juxtapose a real-world setting with fantastical elements, many create entirely imaginary universes with their own physical laws and logic and populations of imaginary races and creatures.

How Were the Americas Populated

Only a couple of years ago, archaeologists knew  or thought they knew, when and how human beings ended up in the American continent. The story went like this. About 15,000 years ago, the Wisconsinan glacier was at its maximum, effectively blocking all entrance to the continents south of the Bering Strait. Somewhere between 13,000 and 12,000 years ago, an ice free corridor opened up in what is now interior Canada between the two main ice sheets. That part remains undisputed. Along the ice-free corridor, or so we thought, people from Northeast Asia began to enter the North American continent, following megafauna such as wooly mammoth and mastodon. We called those people Clovis, after the discovery of one of their camps near Clovis, New Mexico. Archaeologists have found their distinctive artifacts all over North America. Eventually, according to the theory, Clovis descendants pushed southward, populating the southern 1/3 of North America and all of South America, but in the meantime a dapting their hunting lifeways for a more generalized hunting-and-collecting strategy. The southerners are known generally as Amerinds. Around 10,500 years BP, a second big migration came across from Asia and became the Na-Dene peoples settling the central portion of the North American continent. Finally, around 10,000 years ago, a third migration came across and settled in the northern reaches of the North American continent and Greenland and were the Eskimo and Aleut peoples.Evidence supporting this scenario included the fact that none of the archaeological sites in the North American continent predated 11,200 BP. Well, some of them actually did, like Meadowcroft Rockshelter in Pennsylvania, but there was always something wrong with the dates from these sites, either context or contamination was suggested. Linguistic data was called upon and three broad categories of language were identified, roughly paralleling the Amerind/Na-Dene/Eskimo-Aleut tri-part division. Archaeological si tes were identified in the ice free corridor. Most of the early sites were clearly Clovis or at least megafauna-adapted lifestyles. Monte Verde and the First American Colonization And then, in early 1997, one of the occupation levels at Monte Verde, Chile--far southern Chile--was unequivocally dated 12,500 years BP. More than a thousand years older than Clovis; 10,000 miles south of the Bering Strait. The site contained evidence of a broad-based subsistence, including mastodon, but also of  extinct llama, shellfish, and a variety of vegetables and nuts. Huts arranged in a group provided shelter for 20-30 people. In short, these preClovis people were living a lifestyle far different than Clovis, a lifestyle closer to what we would consider Late Paleo-Indian or Archaic patterns.Recent archaeological evidence at Charlie Lake Cave and other sites in the so-called Ice Free Corridor in British Columbia indicates that, contrary to our earlier assumptions, peopling of the interior of Canada did not take place until after the Clovis occupations. No dated megafauna fossils are known in the Canadian interior from about 20,000 BP until about 11,500 BP in southern Albert a and 10,500 BP in northern Alberta and northeastern British Columbia. In other words, settlement of the Ice Free Corridor occurred from the south, not the north. Migration When and From Where? The resulting theory begins to look like this: Migration into the Americas had to have taken place either during the glacial maximum--or what is more likely, before. That means at least 15,000 years BP, and likely around 20,000 years ago or more. One strong candidate for primary route of entrance is by boat or on foot along the Pacific coast; boats of one sort or another have been in use at least 30,000 years. Evidence for the coastal route is slim at present, but the coast as the new Americans would have seen it is now covered by water and the sites may be difficult to find. The people who traveled into the continents were not primarily dependent on megafauna, as Clovis peoples were, but rather generalized hunter-gatherers, with a broad base of subsistence.

LOreal Paris True Match Advertisement Essay - 1427 Words

The desire to look pretty is on every women’s wish list. The desire to be confident is on every women’s wish list. The desire to be loved and appreciated is on every women’s wish list. Children are taught that the right people will love them for their hearts and not their looks, but how many reach into adulthood and still believe this? How many believe that love is based completely off of personality? How many believe that what is seen by the eye is not important? In the 2011 L’Orà ©al Paris True Match Makeup Commercial, Jennifer Lopez is seen sitting on the floor in black clothing while showing her bronzed skin with her hair flowing in the air. This commercial combines the ideas beauty and love to make a masterpiece. The actress in the†¦show more content†¦Jennifer Lopez is a celebrity that is known for her good looks, so choosing her to be in the commercial draws her fans and all the people who think she is good looking towards the product that she is advertising. The simple makeup draws the attention to mainly her skin and how clear it. If there was eye makeup or a bright lipstick color on the actress then the attention of the viewer would move to other things, but since the commercial is trying to sell a foundation, the choice of simple makeup puts all the focus on her clear skin. Seeing Lopez’s clear skin and radiant confidence plays with the emotions of the viewers as they start to compare themselves to her. They start to pick out their flaws and yearn to be more like the face that they see on the screen, not realizing that the face they see is edited and photoshopped to look that good. This doesn’t stop them from going and purchasing the product in hopes of achieving the same perfect skin they see on the screen. The simple makeup isn’t the only thing that appeals to the emotions of the viewers. The simple black clothing the celebrity is wearing portrays her innocence and draws the attention to her bronzed skin once ag ain, but mainly to her legs, arms, and shoulders now. Her smooth and tan skin is physically attracting to the viewer and pulls their attention on her and what she says more because of the desire to be as attractive as her. Language is also

Leadership and Performance for Intrinsic Motivation- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theLeadership and Performance for Intrinsic Motivation. Answer: Importance of Intrinsic Motivation in an Organization: Earlier, the organization I work for, used to provide a competitive salary, as well as a highly lucrative incentive plan, and hence the management ensured that anyone who works extra hard does not stay unrewarded. Yet, the employee turnover rate was high, and I myself was unable to feel content with the workplace culture, that was highly autocratic, as well as the lack of career advancement prospects. However, soon as we communicated the issue to the management, after two long years, the company revised its human resource policies. Now, our company has introduced a bi-annual training program, for every deserving employee who would be able to complete professionally certified management courses to upgrade their existent skills. The autocratic culture has been substituted by an employee-friendly, democratic culture where everyone is allowed to engage in the corporate decision-making process. As my colleagues and co-workers started realizing that their opinions are getting valued as wel l, they started feeling content, and their engagement level also increased. They would themselves come up with important suggestions and recommendations and conduct internal training for organizational success. Gradually, the retention rate has increased over the years. The employees have started to value the employer-employee relation at large. Earlier, the company would pay us incentives for working overtime, and yet there was no provision for appraisal programs. Recently, the company also appraises employees through proper employee appraisal employees and provides regular feedback to the employees on their performance. This has helped in building a close relation between the management and the employees, and has motivated the employees to stick to the company for longer period. Job Design and Employee Motivation: The job design of the company I work for, is one of the chief factors that has resulted in high level of motivation at workplace. As an IT expert, although my work is tedious at times, the effective job design has helped in eliminating any form of boredom associated with my job. My organization offers rotational job to the employees. As a result, I do not require to cling to my IT jobs only, but at other times, at least thrice a week, I am also allotted the task of subordinate training and supervision. As I feel bored doing the same tasks, I remain assured that I will soon get to do some other kinds of work as well. This is why I never get totally drained while serving my employer. My present boss understands that it is normal for IT employees like me to get de-motivated and exhausted, doing the same work over and over again. This is why, he also enlarges the job scope of each employee, whereby we stay stimulated being offered more challenging tasks on certain days. We are also allow ed to plan, direct and supervise our own performance, and at least once a week the challenging tasks assigned to us, help in keeping us engaged in a better way. This form of job enrichment has helped in increasing the motivation of most of us, has added greater variety to our works and has offered far more autonomy at workplace than before. Reference List: Cerasoli, C.P., Nicklin, J.M. and Ford, M.T., 2014. Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives jointly predict performance: A 40-year meta-analysis.Psychological bulletin,140(4), p.980. Taylor, J., 2014. Public service motivation, relational job design, and job satisfaction in local government.Public Administration,92(4), pp.902-918.

Week 1 Marketing an Example of the Topic Business Essays by

Week 1 Marketing The definition of marketing is rather vague; moreover, different professionals tend to define marketing, using different terms. Marketing should be a necessary element of the organizations sales function: it is the critical element that forms close business ties between customers and sellers, helps firms grow their customers and deliver critical customer value. Planning is integral to marketing; similarly, marketing is impossible without planning. Throughout the history of marketing, since the marketing department era, all marketing activities have been brought under control of one department or one marketing specialist. Planning in marketing was and is required to integrate all marketing activities with the firms obligations and strategic goals. The benefits of marketing are not limited to planning opportunities; organizations use marketing mix to deliver the benefits of their products to consumers and to monitor the effectiveness of various marketing procedures. With the need to ex pand our presence in the market, and with the need to promote continuous growth, marketing will link consumer needs to the strategic business goals, creating a cohesive business environment, expanding the benefits and increasing profitability of businesses and consumers. Need essay sample on "Week 1 Marketing" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed 1. The definition of marketing is rather vague; moreover, different professionals tend to define marketing, using different terms. Kotler and Keller (2006) state that marketing deals with identifying and meeting human and social needs. One of the shortest definitions of marketing is meeting needs profitably (Kotler & Keller, 2006). In other words, marketing turns economic and social needs of customers into material profits. Companies that are able to utilize the benefits of the marketing look at customers through the prism of their social needs, producing services and products that can further satisfy these needs. In this context, Kotler and Keller (2006) distinguish between the social and managerial definition of marketing: a social definition implies the role of marketing as the instrument for satisfying the needs of society, while a managerial definition implies the role of marketing as the instrument for increasing the quality of life. Incorporating marketing into the organizations sales has several benefits. First, marketing drives consumer interest toward the product or service. Second, marketing positively impacts the quality of life and the standards of economic growth (Perreault-McCarthy, 2004). Third, marketing involves a flow of need-satisfying offering from producer to a customer (Perreault-McCarthy, 2006); that means that marketing turns into favorable environment, where customer and producer are able to come to an agreement regarding the price, the quality and the type of the required product. The problem is that marketing is not visible to the public; as a result, not all customers feel that they are legally protected from the unfair marketing approaches. Despite these small inconsistencies, marketing should be a necessary element of the organizations sales function: it is the critical element that forms close business ties between customers and sellers, helps firms grow their customers and deliver criti cal customer value. 2. Planning is integral to marketing; similarly, marketing is impossible without planning. Throughout the history of marketing, since the marketing department era, all marketing activities have been brought under control of one department or one marketing specialist. Planning in marketing was and is required to integrate all marketing activities with the firms obligations and strategic goals. Now, in the marketing company era, it is a time when, in addition to short-run marketing planning, marketing people develop long-range plans sometimes five or more years ahead and the whole company effort is guided by the marketing concept (Perreault-McCarthy, 2004). As a result, planning has turned into a relevant and reliable approach to marketing. Planning helps companies concentrate their efforts and turn customers into potential sources of the companys profit. Marketing orientation substantially improves, when companies are able to integrate effective planning procedures with the companys daily activities. To make customers buy what the firm produces and offers means to develop reliable planning marketing tactics, which will help evaluate customer needs and tie those needs to the companys goals. Marketing is a logical process, and planning forms a complex strategic vision of marketing opportunities, target markets, marketing strategies, marketing programs, and marketing efforts. Planning is essential for creating and maintaining stable marketing environment that will help satisfy the critical needs of customers (Kotler & Keller, 2004). The companys department should produce formal marketing plans for several reasons. First, planning is the key to systematizing the knowledge and information about customers, needs, and companys marketing resources. Second, planning is the key to concentrating and utilizing the benefits of the various types of marketing forces, including demographic, technical, political, and social environment. Third, planning is the key to developing holistic marketing concepts, including relationship marketing, integrated marketing, socially responsible marketing, and internal marketing (Kotler everything matters, when customer needs should be satisfied. 3. The benefits of marketing are not limited to planning opportunities; organizations use marketing mix to deliver the benefits of their products to consumers and to monitor the effectiveness of various marketing procedures. For example, the promotion element is the key to developing effective advertising strategies and identifying the needs of consumers. The use of marketing mix is very important in consumer electronics: for example, to advertise its PlayStation 2 and 3, Sony used non-personal media approaches (sports, series, and personal Sony TV). In this way, Sony was targeting consumers, who would be interested in purchasing its new game products (Dru, 2007). Marketing mix has led Sony to the development and implementation of highly efficient distribution channels: customers were and are encouraged to purchase Sony products from the companys direct and recognized retailers (Dru, 2007). Marketing mix forms the basis for turning quantifiable elements for evaluating the quality of the companys performance and its business progress (e.g., the number of new customers may help interpret the effectiveness of place and price elements within the companys marketing mix). As long as marketing mix involves the four essential components (product, place, price, and promotion), marketing itself will remain one of the most powerful elements impacting our daily lives. With the need to expand our presence in the market, and with the need to promote continuous growth, marketing will link consumer needs to the strategic business goals, creating a cohesive business environment, expanding the benefits and increasing profitability of businesses and consumers. References Dru, J.M. (2007). How disruption brought order: the story of a winning strategy in the world of advertising. Palgrave Macmillan. Kotler, P. & Keller, K.L. (2006). Marketing management. 12th edition. Prentice Hall. Perreault-McCarthy. (2004). Basic marketing: a global-managerial approach. 15th ed. The McGraw-Hill Companies.

The Best Resources for Landing Your Retail Job

The Best Resources for Landing Your Retail Job If you’ve worked in retail before, you know that it’s not a job for the faint of heart. It can mean long hours of doing physical tasks, keeping a smile on your face when you’d rather be rolling your eyes, and- perhaps the most daunting piece of all- dealing with the public. If you haven’t worked in retail before, spoiler alert: it’s not going to be sunshine and roses every day. But if you have great customer service skills, need flexible hours, or want to gain experience as you work toward other goals, it can be a great fit for the short- or long-term. If you’re up to this challenge, we’ve got what you need to get started- or get to the next level. Step 1: Revamp Your ResumeIf you’re familiar with how we roll here at The Job Network, this one should not come as a surprise. A badass resume is the starting point for every job search in every field. Even if you’re referred for the job by someone you know, you still need to m ake a great first impression on anyone who hasn’t met you before, at a minimum. And your resume gives your friend some quick talking points that act as ammo when they’re advocating for you to get the gig. An updated resume is essential.How to Write a Perfect Retail Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Cashier Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Sales Associate Resume (Examples Included)How to Create a Perfect Retail ResumeThe Ultimate 6 Step Guide to Resume WritingResume Headlines to Use for Different Jobs6 Ways to Make ATS Work in Your FavorResume Format Guide: What Your Resume Should Look Like in 2017Top Resume Trends for 20176 Job Skills You Need to Be a Sales AssociateDownload Resume TemplatesIt’s best to revamp your resume before you even start thinking about applying for jobs. This can keep you from making easy mistakes due to rushing, and lets you get a good baseline resume that you can use to adapt easily for each job application or opportunity.Step 2: Target Your Job SearchIf you want to start with a general geographic area or any type of stores, then a general search can be a great first step. It’s important to know what you’re looking for, to help focus your job hunt. If you need a starting point, we have plenty of recommendations that can help you find the type of retail job that works best for you.10 Summer Jobs- and How to Get ThemBest Jobs in Retail- and How to Get ThemTop 5 Less Crowded Sites to Look For Retail Jobs10 of the Best Jobs in Retail NationwideA Comprehensive Guide to Getting Different Types of Retail Jobs7 Places to Look for Part-Time JobsStep 3: Get Ready for the InterviewIn the retail world, hiring can move fast, so to paraphrase Ferris Bueller, if you aren’t ready for it, it can pass you by. You can start prepping for interviews before you even have one on the books.5 Questions to Expect in a Retail InterviewThe Most Popular Macy’s Interview QuestionsHow to Survive Your Upcoming Panel InterviewHow to Look Like a Star in Any Job InterviewHow to Answer the â€Å"What’s Your Biggest Weakness?† Question10 Things You Should Not Say in an Interview7 Real Life Interview Mistakes You Can Learn FromImpress Your Interviewer in 5 Simple Steps to Get the JobStep 4: Think About Your Career GoalsA job in retail might be your calling, or it might be just one step along your long career path. Whatever the case may be, it’s important to think about how you can a) be prepared for this job, and b) make it work for your future.How to Move Up the Retail Career Ladder Without CollegeWhat You Need to Know to Succeed in the Retail Industry5 Great Career Paths You Can Take If You’re Working in RetailWhether it’s your dream job or your right-now job, getting a job in retail is a challenge to be faced with as much ammo as you have at your disposal. If you’re ready to get started in this field, good luck!

An explanation of various marketing terms

An explanation of various marketing terms is the use of consumer-direct channels to reach and deliver goods and services to customers without using marketing middlemen.†Direct Marketing† is the use of consumer-direct channels to reach and deliver goods and services to customers without using marketing middlemen. Direct marketing implies marketing to the consumers directly without secondary media such as TV commercials. Direct Marketing includes the distribution of fliers, displaying signs such as â€Å"weekly specials† inside the store. It is used to target customers who cannot resist a good deal or bargain. Some Direct marketers use their customer database to contact them for special offers. They tailor their marketing offers and communications to the needs of individual buyers. Direct Marketing is generally used by small to medium size companies that do not have the budget for expensive commercial. There are many forms of direct marketing. The major types are as follows: Direct mail – the adverti ser contact prospective customers by sending some form of advertisement through the mail. Music and book clubs, magazine clearing house, and credit card companies make use of direct mail. Catalogue marketing – companies mail catalogues to consumers and to businesses or make them available at retail stores, and consumers make their purchase from the catalogues. For example, Sears and Canadian Tire’s catalogue shopping. Catalogue retailers appear well suited to operating on the internet as they has the systems and distribution experience required for such an undertaking. Telemarketing – using the telephone and call centers to sell directly to prospects and existing consumers. Companies use call centers for Inbound (receiving calls from customers) and outbound (initiating calls to prospects and customers) telemarketing. Direct marketing has been a major growth area in retailing. Its advantages related particularly to its ability to direct the marketing effort to th ose consumers who are most likely to respond positively. It also offers products and services in a way that is most convenient for the consumer. 2. _____ consist(s) of a collection of incentive tools, mostly short term, designed to stimulate quicker or greater purchase of particular products or services by consumers or the trade. â€Å"Sales promotions† consist of a collection of incentive tools, mostly short term, designed to stimulate quicker or greater purchase of particular products or services by consumers or the trade. Sales promotion as tools and techniques used to stimulate demand, encourage purchase or sales of a product or services, reward royal customers and attract switchers from competitors,. Advertising provides information on a product or promote a brand. Sale promotion offers reasons to buy now. Here are a few examples of sales promotions: Coupons delivered in the newspaper offering discount on your favourite coffee. An e-mail from Amazon.ca offers free shippi ng on your next purchase over $35. Sales promotion uses different mix of promotional tools designed to stimulate customers to buy a product. There are two categories of sales promotion tools: The consumer promotions tools – aimed at consumers directly such as; price discount or same price for the twice the amount of the product, discount coupons, cash refund from the manufacturer, patronage rewards such as doubling the amount of air miles, sweepstakes such as possible chance to win a trip to Disneyland and free gift, getting something from the purchase.

1.Identify and review some of the strategies which the company uses to Essay

1.Identify and review some of the strategies which the company uses to deal with the difficulties presented by the specific features of financial services marketing - Essay Example The researcher is taking American International Group Inc. which is a U.S.A. based company for reviewing their products and strategies. In this paper the researcher is trying to identify the strategies which they use to deal with the difficulties presented by the features of marketing of financial services. The researcher will use the website of AIG and some journals for analyze the strategies of the company. American International group which is a financial services company constitutes of different business units. These are AIG Bank, AIG Direct, SunAmerica financial group, Chartis insurance, United Guaranty Corporation and International Lease Finance Corporation. The main revenue of the company is from the Chartis insurance which is major name in the global insurance sector. SunAmerica financial group is the other which generates maximum revenue for the AIG group. From this statistics it can be said that the company is mainly focusing on the life insurance, general insurance, wealth management, asset management programs. It can also be said statistics that the major percentage of revenue comes from the casualty and specialty line of business. In any type of industry the companies should design and offer the product or services according to the customer needs. Financial services industry is a volatile industry. During the economic downturn the companies generally don’t profit much from the financial services. The reputation of the companies plays a big role in that situation. If the financial services companies provide the products according to the needs of the customers and build customer loyalty then they will have a competitive edge than their competitors. For having a good percentage of market shares as well as retaining the customers in time of financial downturn a loyal customer base is necessary for the financial services company (The Economist, 2008, p.5-7). The services

Development of Pad Conditioner Drop Detection System Dissertation

Development of Pad Conditioner Drop Detection System - Dissertation Example The project focuses on the design of a sensor system that can trigger accumulation of copper on the pad or detect the optimal parameters of the CMP equipment. Contents Development of Pad Conditioner Drop Detection System 30 1 1.0 Introduction 5 1.1 Background information 5 1.2 Statement of the problem 6 1.3 Statement of the problem 8 On 13h Dec 2010 PCUD712 went to check P2 trace and found Cu was not fully polished at wafer. This problem of having wafer edges that are not fully polished has caused the need for this project. No one did recognize the occurrence of the problem until one of the maintenance team did a random testing. Making CMP equipment that has a sensor can trigger any drop caused by the presence of copper and call for a response from the team. 8 1.4 Project scope 8 1.5 Objective 9 1.6 Specific objectives 9 2.0 literature Review 10 2.1 Types of planarization 10 2.1.1 Doped Glass Reflow 10 2.1.2 Spin etch planarization (SEP) 10 2.1.3 Spin on deposition (SOD) 11 SOP is mo stly applied in deposits on different glasses, porous low-k dielectrics and polymer ILD. By mixing different base catalysts and suitable additives, a precursor solution is prepared at room temperature. Pretreated wafer surface provides an effective surface for solution spreading. A little amount of the solution is dripped on the wafers that are then rinsed, spun dried baked and later cured. This process shows excellent gap filling qualities. Nevertheless, several defects are noted on the spin in the deposited materials. When the materials from this process are exposed to plasma, they show non-homogeneity in subsequent operations. Undue stresses are induced by the tendency of the spin to absorb moisture from the air and releasing it with evolution of thermal stresses. The stresses result to cracking, peel off, shrinking, degradation and contamination of interconnects and thermal instability. 11 2.1.4 Reactive ion etch and etch back 11 2.1.5 Chemical mechanical polishing 12 Historical ly, grinding has always been an inexpensive operation compared to polishing. The level of polishing required nowadays in the IC fabrication can not be matched to these advantages (Yoshio, 2000). Unlike grinders, polishers use elastic media to sever bonds on a molecular level ejecting nanometer sized particles. The grinders’ use rigid media that create cracks through a work piece, the clusters are micron sized. Recent research has shown that the maximum force is a key variable of sub surface damage (Chandra etal., 2000 p.81). CMP focuses on the insights accruing from the investigations on minimizing force/grit by applying knowledge of errant particles that plague polishing processes (Chandra & Bastawros, 2004 p.65). The process involves incorporating the wafer pattern into a gimbal and replacing the polishing pad with two diametrically opposing wheels. The trapped particles will induce a torque on one of the wheels thereby making the gimbal rotate away from offending particle. Through optimization of the dynamics of the gimbals’ response to the acute forces resulting from the errant particles, a defect mitigating maximum-force minimization is realized at low cost. 15 2.2 IC interconnects 17 2.3 Photometric dispersion analyzer (PDA 2000) 19 To monitor properties of flowing suspension and emulsions, a PDA 2000 is used both in laboratories

American Gothic in Sleepy Hollow, Ligeia and They Got a Hell of a Band

American Gothic in Washington Irving's The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, Poe's Ligeia and Stephen King's You Know They Got a Hell of a Band      Ã‚  Ã‚   America is haunted, by headless horsemen and bloody battles, by addiction and a self gratifying obsession with immortality. America has a long-standing tradition with the gothic, and some of our most widely recognized authors, such as Washington Irving, Edgar Allan Poe, and Stephen King, a more recent author borrowed from popular literature, utilize it frequently if not wholly in their writing. The gothic is an intrinsic part of our national identity, inhabiting our folklore, our literature, and influencing the way in which we view our celebrities and ultimately, ourselves. In his commentary on the gothic, Nightmare on Main Street, Mark Edmunson offers his take on the relationship between national identity and the form: Unsentimental, enraged by gentility and high-mindedness, skeptical about progress in any form, the Gothic mind is antithetical to all smiling American faiths. A nation of ideals, America has also been, not surprisingly, a nation of hard disillusionment, with a fiercely reactive Gothic Imagination. (4-5) There is much to American Gothicism. It lies deeply in the conscious awareness of the culture. Its roots are as diverse as the witch trials and the knowledge that one race of people committed genocide against another in order to obtain the land where our most illustrious universities and homogenous strip malls now sit. The character of America is in itself a gothic one. We hold aloft one set of ideas about freedom and equality, while graciously looking the other way when the savage hypocrisy that keeps the daily functions of life on an even keel rears its ugly ... ...st beneath the surface of our every day realities. Works Cited Edmunson, Mark. Nightmare on Main Street. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997. Lauter, Paul, et al., eds. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. 3rd ed. Vol 1. New York: Haughton Mifflin Co., 1997. Irving, Washington. "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." Lauter et al. 1354-1373. Poe, Edgar Allan. "Ligeia." Lauter et al. 1450-1461. Ringe, Donald A. American Gothic: Imagination and Reason in Nineteenth-Century Fiction. Lexington KY: The University Press of Kentucky, 1982. Savoy, Eric. "The Face of the Tenant: A Theory of American Gothic." American Gothic: New Interventions in a National Narrative. Ed. Robert K. Martin et al. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press, 1998. 3-19. White, Craig. Lecture. University of Houston-Clear Lake. Clear Lake, TX, 6 March. 2001    American Gothic in Sleepy Hollow, Ligeia and They Got a Hell of a Band American Gothic in Washington Irving's The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, Poe's Ligeia and Stephen King's You Know They Got a Hell of a Band      Ã‚  Ã‚   America is haunted, by headless horsemen and bloody battles, by addiction and a self gratifying obsession with immortality. America has a long-standing tradition with the gothic, and some of our most widely recognized authors, such as Washington Irving, Edgar Allan Poe, and Stephen King, a more recent author borrowed from popular literature, utilize it frequently if not wholly in their writing. The gothic is an intrinsic part of our national identity, inhabiting our folklore, our literature, and influencing the way in which we view our celebrities and ultimately, ourselves. In his commentary on the gothic, Nightmare on Main Street, Mark Edmunson offers his take on the relationship between national identity and the form: Unsentimental, enraged by gentility and high-mindedness, skeptical about progress in any form, the Gothic mind is antithetical to all smiling American faiths. A nation of ideals, America has also been, not surprisingly, a nation of hard disillusionment, with a fiercely reactive Gothic Imagination. (4-5) There is much to American Gothicism. It lies deeply in the conscious awareness of the culture. Its roots are as diverse as the witch trials and the knowledge that one race of people committed genocide against another in order to obtain the land where our most illustrious universities and homogenous strip malls now sit. The character of America is in itself a gothic one. We hold aloft one set of ideas about freedom and equality, while graciously looking the other way when the savage hypocrisy that keeps the daily functions of life on an even keel rears its ugly ... ...st beneath the surface of our every day realities. Works Cited Edmunson, Mark. Nightmare on Main Street. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997. Lauter, Paul, et al., eds. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. 3rd ed. Vol 1. New York: Haughton Mifflin Co., 1997. Irving, Washington. "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." Lauter et al. 1354-1373. Poe, Edgar Allan. "Ligeia." Lauter et al. 1450-1461. Ringe, Donald A. American Gothic: Imagination and Reason in Nineteenth-Century Fiction. Lexington KY: The University Press of Kentucky, 1982. Savoy, Eric. "The Face of the Tenant: A Theory of American Gothic." American Gothic: New Interventions in a National Narrative. Ed. Robert K. Martin et al. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press, 1998. 3-19. White, Craig. Lecture. University of Houston-Clear Lake. Clear Lake, TX, 6 March. 2001   

Love at the Cornhusk

Love at the Cornhusk – Aida Rivera Ford Tinang stopped before the Senora’s gate and adjusted the baby’s cap. The dogs that came to bark at the gate were strange dogs, big-mouthed animals with a sense of superiority. They stuck their heads through the hogfence, lolling their tongues and straining. Suddenly, from the gumamela row, a little black mongrel emerged and slithered through the fence with ease. It came to her, head down and body quivering. â€Å"Bantay. Ay, Bantay! † she exclaimed as the little dog laid its paws upon her shirt to sniff the baby on her arm. The baby was afraid and cried. The big animals barked with displeasure. Tito, the young master, had seen her and was calling to his mother. â€Å"Ma, it’s Tinang. Ma, Ma, it’s Tinang. † He came running down to open the gate. â€Å"Aba, you are so tall now, Tito. † He smiled his girl’s smile as he stood by, warding the dogs off. Tinang passed quickly up the veranda stairs lined with ferns and many-colored bougainville. On landing, she paused to wipe her shoes carefully. About her, the Senora’s white and lavender butterfly orchids fluttered delicately in the sunshine. She noticed though that the purple waling-waling that had once been her task to shade from the hot sun with banana leaves and to water with mixture of charcoal and eggs and water was not in bloom. â€Å"Is no one covering the waling-waling now? † Tinang asked. â€Å"It will die. † â€Å"Oh, the maid will come to cover the orchids later. † The Senora called from inside. â€Å"Tinang, let me see your baby. Is it a boy? † â€Å"Yes, Ma,† Tito shouted from downstairs. â€Å"And the ears are huge! † â€Å"What do you expect,† replied his mother; â€Å"the father is a Bagobo. Even Tinang looks like a Bagobo now. † Tinang laughed and felt warmness for her former mistress and the boy Tito. She sat self-consciously on the black narra sofa, for the first time a visitor. Her eyes clouded. The sight of the Senora’s flaccidly plump figure, swathed in a loose waist-less housedress that came down to her ankles, and the faint scent of agua de colonia blended with kitchen spice, seemed to her the essence of the comfortable world, and she sighed thinking of the long walk home through the mud, the baby’s legs straddled to her waist, and Inggo, her husband, waiting for her, his body stinking of tuba and sweat, squatting on the floor, clad only in his foul undergarments. â€Å"Ano, Tinang, is it not a good thing to be married? the Senora asked, pitying Tinang because her dress gave way at the placket and pressed at her swollen breasts. It was, as a matter of fact, a dress she had given Tinang a long time ago. â€Å"It is hard, Senora, very hard. Better that I were working here again. † â€Å"There! † the Senora said. â€Å"Didn’t I tell you what it would be like, huh? . . . that you would be a slave to your husband and that you would work a baby eternally strapped to you. Are you not pregnant again? † Tinang squirmed at the Senora’s directness but admitted she was. â€Å"Hala! You will have a dozen before long. † The Senora got up. Come, I will give you some dresses and an old blanket that you can cut into things for the baby. † They went into a cluttered room which looked like a huge closet and as the Senora sorted out some clothes, Tinang asked, â€Å"How is Senor? † â€Å"Ay, he is always losing his temper over the tractor drivers. It is not the way it was when Amado was here. You remember what a good driver he was. The tractors were always kept in working condition. But now . . . I wonder why he left all of a sudden. He said he would be gone for only two days . . . .† â€Å"I don’t know,† Tinang said. The baby began to cry. Tinang shushed him with irritation. â€Å"Oy, Tinang, come to the kitchen; your Bagobito is hungry. † For the next hour, Tinang sat in the kitchen with an odd feeling; she watched the girl who was now in possession of the kitchen work around with a handkerchief clutched I one hand. She had lipstick on too, Tinang noted. the girl looked at her briefly but did not smile. She set down a can of evaporated milk for the baby and served her coffee and cake. The Senora drank coffee with her and lectured about keeping the baby’s stomach bound and training it to stay by itself so she could work. Finally, Tinang brought up, haltingly, with phrases like â€Å"if it will not offend you† and â€Å"if you are not too busy† the purpose of her visit–which was to ask Senora to be a madrina in baptism. The Senora readily assented and said she would provide the baptismal clothes and the fee for the priest. It was time to go. â€Å"When are you coming again, Tinang? † the Senore asked as Tinang got the baby ready. â€Å"Don’t forget the bundle of clothes and . . . oh, Tinang, you better stop by the drugstore. They asked me once whether you were still with us. You have a letter there nd I was going to open it to see if there was bad news but I thought you would be coming. † A letter! Tinang’s heart beat violently. Somebody is dead; I know somebody is dead, she thought. She crossed herself and after thanking the Senora profusely, she hurried down. The dogs came forward and Tito had to restrain them. â€Å"Bring me some young corn next tim e, Tinang,† he called after her. Tinang waited a while at the drugstore which was also the post office of the barrio. Finally, the man turned to her: â€Å"Mrs. , do you want medicine for your baby or for yourself? † â€Å"No, I came for my letter. I was told I have a letter. † â€Å"And what is your name, Mrs.? † He drawled. â€Å"Constantina Tirol. † The man pulled a box and slowly went through the pile of envelopes most of which were scribbled in pencil, â€Å"Tirol, Tirol, Tirol. . . .† He finally pulled out a letter and handed it to her. She stared at the unfamiliar scrawl. It was not from her sister and she could think of no one else who could write to her. Santa Maria, she thought; maybe something has happened to my sister. â€Å"Do you want me to read it for you? † â€Å"No, no. † She hurried from the drugstore, crushed that he should think her illiterate. With the baby on one arm and the bundle of clothes on the other and the letter clutched in her hand she found herself walking toward home. The rains had made a deep slough of the clay road and Tinang followed the prints left by the men and the carabaos that had gone before her to keep from sinking mud up to her knees. She was deep in the road before she became conscious of her shoes. In horror, she saw that they were coated with thick, black clay. Gingerly, she pulled off one shoe after the other with the hand still clutching to the letter. When she had tied the shoes together with the laces and had slung them on an arm, the baby, the bundle, and the letter were all smeared with mud. There must be a place to put the baby down, she thought, desperate now about the letter. She walked on until she spotted a corner of a field where cornhusks were scattered under a kamansi tree. She shoved together a pile of husks with her foot and laid the baby down upon it. With a sigh, she drew the letter from the envelope. She stared at the letter which was written in English. My dearest Tinay, Hello, how is life getting along? Are you still in good condition? As for myself, the same as usual. But you’re far from my side. It is not easy to be far from our lover. Tinay, do you still love me? I hope your kind and generous heart will never fade. Someday or somehow I’ll be there again to fulfill our promise. Many weeks and months have elapsed. Still I remember our bygone days. Especially when I was suffering with the heat of the tractor under the heat of the sun. I was always in despair until I imagine your personal appearance coming forward bearing the sweetest smile that enabled me to view the distant horizon. Tinay, I could not return because I found that my mother was very ill. That is why I was not able to take you as a partner of life. Please respond to my missive at once so that I know whether you still love me or not. I hope you did not love anybody except myself. I think I am going beyond the limit of your leisure hours, so I close with best wishes to you, my friends Gonding, Sefarin, Bondio, etc. Yours forever, Amado P. S. My mother died last month. Address your letter: Mr. Amado Galauran Binalunan, Cotabato It was Tinang’s first love letter. A flush spread over her face and crept into her body. She read the letter again. â€Å"It is not easy to be far from our lover. . . I imagine your personal appearance coming forward. . . . Someday, somehow I’ll be there to fulfill our promise. . . .† Tinang was intoxicated. She pressed herself against the kamansi tree. My lover is true to me. He never meant to desert me. Amado, she thought. Amado. And she cried, remembering the young girl she was less than two years ago when she would take fo od to Senor in the field and the laborers would eye her furtively. She thought herself above them for she was always neat and clean in her hometown, before she went away to work, she had gone to school and had reached sixth grade. Her skin, too, was not as dark as those of the girls who worked in the fields weeding around the clumps of abaca. Her lower lip jutted out disdainfully when the farm hands spoke to her with many flattering words. She laughed when a Bagobo with two hectares of land asked her to marry him. It was only Amado, the tractor driver, who could look at her and make her lower her eyes. He was very dark and wore filthy and torn clothes on the farm but on Saturdays when he came up to the house for his week’s salary, his hair was slicked down and he would be dressed as well as Mr. Jacinto, the schoolteacher. Once he told her he would study in the city night-schools and take up mechanical engineering someday. He had not said much more to her but one afternoon when she was bidden to take some bolts and tools to him in the field, a great excitement came over her. The shadows moved fitfully in the bamboo groves she passed and the cool November air edged into her nostrils sharply. He stood unmoving beside the tractor with tools and parts scattered on the ground around him. His eyes were a black glow as he watched her draw near. When she held out the bolts, he seized her wrist and said: â€Å"Come,† pulling her to the screen of trees beyond. She resisted but his arms were strong. He embraced her roughly and awkwardly, and she trembled and gasped and clung to him. . . . A little green snake slithered languidly into the tall grass a few yards from the kamansi tree. Tinang started violently and remembered her child. It lay motionless on the mat of husk. With a shriek she grabbed it wildly and hugged it close. The baby awoke from its sleep and cries lustily. Ave Maria Santisima. Do not punish me, she prayed, searching the baby’s skin for marks. Among the cornhusks, the letter fell unnoticed.

Human Rights in Theory and in Practice - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1991 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Human Rights Essay Did you like this example? Human rights are based on values, which are broadly, if not universally, shared and are gradually converging towards a common set of standards that can be accepted and enforced. Nonetheless some query whether these ambitions, however admirable, are reflected in the realities of practice. Jeremy Bentham stated that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"from real laws come real rights; but from imaginary lawsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦come imaginary rightsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[1] This led Marie-BÃÆ' ©nÃÆ' ©dicte Dembour to suggest from a realist perspective that the ECHR offers neither à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"realà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ nor à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"imaginaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ rights but instead provides à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"relative protectionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[2] Dembour argues that the ECtHR is enmeshed in state interests[3] and in practice à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the Commission and the Court have proved strong allies of government and order right from the beginningà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[4] To discuss Dembourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s views it is necessary to compare her thoughts on the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"realistà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ critiques, which Bentham mounted against the 1789 French Declaration and which international relations (IR) realists provide on human rights. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Human Rights in Theory and in Practice" essay for you Create order Both theories reject human rights as emanating from à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"aboveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"outsideà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ the state but propose they originate from, and are enmeshed within the state itself, and reject there is a natural law governing the state, existing outside of social recognition, which surpasses positive national law or is able to regulate the way states interact. This will be tied to N v United Kingdom.[5] Bentham is best known as the founder of utilitarianism. He did not think that the Declaration provided real rights, for him real rights have a positive source in government. He did not believe in the existence of natural rights, which are assumed simply to exist therefore come from nowhere. He is of the view natural rights sound good but fail to deliver. For example, people are evidently not born equal, contrary to what the Declaration states. But if the rights of the Declaration are not to be taken literally, then they still mean nothing as th ey will need to be given restrictions and it is the government who sets these restrictions. What has been given with one hand (Declaration) will instantly be taken away with the other (government). Bentham as a utilitarian believes government is there to help society and should create the law. He opposes the view that rights emanate from à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"aboveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"outsideà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ the state, providing higher universal moral norms. Bentham favours rights existing in the positive world, over rights that are the product of the minds of utopian dreamers.[6] Bentham stated the rights in the Declaration were à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"nonsense upon stiltsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[7] and a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"mere effusion of imbecilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[8] Contrary to Bentham, it is argued that there is human rights norms, therefore human rights exist to the extent and in the sense that justified moralities contain such norms regardless of what legal norms a given legal sy stem may provide.[9] Societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s conceptions as holders of moral rights do not perhaps originate from the principle of utility.[10] It may be difficult to believe that rights in the Convention are grounded in utilitarian considerations, because they emerged as important moral concepts designed to enhance liberty, privacy and dignity à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" as Kant asserted within a few years of Benthamà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s critique.[11] It may be more plausible to derive rights from societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s idea of the common good and morality. Realism can be described with three Ssà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢: statism, survival and self-help.[12] The state is the main player in IR, not civil society, international corporations or religion. Realism does not see that improvement is possible in international politics.[13] The idea is that state sovereignty is of principal importance. The state will always follow its own interests, do anything that is necessary to ensure its surviva l and will not be swayed by an alleged universal morality.[14] Forsythe examined whether realists are correct to think that human rights policy is subordinated to state interests. His conclusion is positive where he finds realism in IR à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"largely irrelevantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[15] He has the view progress can be achieved in IR. However Pierre-Henri Imbert, the Director of Human Rights at the Council of Europe, does not believe human rights have fundamentally affected IR.[16] For him, human rights are instruments that allow states to pursue politics without safeguarding the dignity of the individual. Article 3 provides: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"no one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. To decide whether the treatment violates the Convention, the court considers the facts to establish if suffering to which the individual has been or will be subjected reaches a threshold of ill treatment, called a minimum threshold of severity. Prior to N, the sole example of a medical asylum application where the court found that the threshold of severity was attained was D v United Kingdom;[17] a decision extensively discussed in N.[18] The applicant was a national of St Kitts, serving a prison sentence in the UK. While in prison, he contracted HIV. When he completed his sentence he was due to be deported and his illness was at an advanced stage. He claimed deportation to his home country would breach Article 3. The court stated that, when an individual claimed asylum for medical reasons: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the court must subject all circumstances surrounding the case to a rigorous scrutinyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[19] In D, it was held the conditions were à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"very exceptionalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[20] The applicantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s immune system was irreparably damaged and his life was drawing to a close; in St Kitts he had no family or any other social support; and the medical treatment was inadequate. The m inimum level of severity was reached. Mrs N, a Ugandan national was diagnosed as HIV-positive upon arrival in the UK and submitted an application for asylum, alleging that, should she be returned to her country, the National Resistance Movement would endanger her life and bodily integrity, this was rejected. Then she argued that returning her to Uganda would breach Article 3, since Uganda did not have the necessary infrastructure to treat her disease. The UK was found not to be in breach. The claim in N was approached in a manner similar to D, implying that both cases involved the same principles, but perhaps a line could be drawn to separate them based on the level of the applicantsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ misfortune. The court suggested that, unlike Mr D, Mrs N did not face an extreme degree of suffering at the time of her case: she was not close to death; she was fit and able to travel, thanks to the medical treatment that she had received and she would at least have some family by her side. For these reasons, her situation was not very exceptional and therefore did not reach the minimum level of severity. Perhaps what led to the rejection in N, i.e. the real reason why the treatment was said not to reach the minimum level of severity, was not explicitly articulated in the reasoning of the majority, but was implied in the judgment when the court suggested that the Convention did not impose on Member States a duty to alleviate poverty through the provision of medical treatment to foreigners, as this would be extremely burdensome,[21] known as the floodgates argument. This point was stressed with regret: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the real concern that the majority of the court had in mind was that if the applicant were allowed to remain in the UK to benefit from the care that her survival requires then the resources of the state would be overstretchedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[22] A comparative reason was put forward by Lord Hope, who considered a violation of Article 3 à ¢Ã¢ ‚ ¬Ã‹Å"would result in a very great and no doubt unquantifiable commitment of resourcesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[23] Mahoney JA stated in the Supreme Court of Canada that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the possibility of a flood of refugees may be a legitimate political concern, but it is not an appropriate legal consideration. To incorporate such concerns implicitly within the Convention refugee determination process, however well meaning, unduly distorts the judicial-political relationshipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[24] This supports Dembourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s when she sums up her argument: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"I have shown how human rights remain enmeshed in state interests; allow us to evade important moral dilemmas which must be confrontedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[25] This is a prime instance when rights cannot really be above the state, as it would appear the state is ultimately still the source of these rights, not natural law, and the state is following its own interests by not having to overcompensate to accommod ate refugees. It has been supported that there is no evidence that refugees easily flee their countries in order to enjoy privilege in an affluent but distant state.[26] Perhaps the majority was worried finding the UK in violation of Article 3, because this might reduce Member States power to turn away refugees in the future, which is in accordance with Imbertà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s view that human rights have not fundamentally affected international relations and supports the view that the ECtHR is enmeshed in state interests and in practice the Commission and ECtHR prove to be strong allies of government. In conclusion, there are those who disagree with Dembourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s views about Bentham in terms of morality and also suggest realism is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"largely irrelevantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in IR. However other evidence points towards human rights being enmeshed in state interests. It is evident that human rights do not provide ideal rights, suggesting that it is like any o ther area of the law, which is in a permanent position of tension and debate between varies parties, and Dembourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s argument that the Convention acts as a very limited constraint on state power is widely received.[27] To believe that total harmony may emerge one day would disregard human nature.[28] The Convention does not and potentially could not sustain a position, which would be completely above realist considerations. It is likely realist considerations will continue to pervade human rights, and what is clear is that although human rights may sometimes differ in theory and practice, and have conceivably not fundamentally affected IR, there is little reason to suggest that society is now not better off than without their principles.[29] Dembour is matter-of-fact to declare that human rights provides à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"relative protection against the sandbagà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, which is illustrated by the cases of N and D with N eluding the sturdy but not impenetrable barricade. Dembour rightly points out human rights have allowed states to dodge moral dilemmas but this hard reality does not make the concept of human rights completely ineffective. [1] J. Bentham, Selected Writings on Utilitarianism, (Hertfordshire: Wordsworth, 2000), p.458. [2] M. Dembour, Who Believes in Human Rights? Reflections on the European Convention, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), p.59. [3] Ibid, p.272. [4] Ibid, p.47. [5] App. No. 26565/05, (ECtHR, 27 May 2008). [6] Dembour, op.cit., p.31. [7] Bentham, op.cit., p.405. [8] Ibid at 441. [9] H.A. Bedau, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Anarchical Fallaciesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ : Benthamà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Attack on Human Rightsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Human Rights Quarterly, (2000), p.276. [10] Ibid. [11] I. Kant, Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals, (J.W. Ellington tr, 3rd edn, Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, 1993). [12] T. Dunne and B.C. Schmidt, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Realismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, in J. Baylis and S. Smith (eds), The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), p.141. [13] R. Jackson and G. SÃÆ' ¸rensen, Introduction to International Relations, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), p.68. [14] C. Sylvest, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Realism and international law: the challenge of John.H. Herzà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, International Theory, vol.2, no.03, (2010), p.439. [15] D. Forsythe, Human Rights in International Relations, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). [16] P.H. Imbert, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Là ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ des droits de là ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢homme dans les relations internationalesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, in SociÃÆ' ©tÃÆ' © franÃÆ' §aise pur le droit international, La protection des droits de là ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢homme et là ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢evolution du droit international, (Paris: Pedone, 1998), pp.282-285. [17] App. No. 30240/96, (ECtHR, 2 May 1997) [18] Ibid at 32-34. [19] Ibid at 49. [20] Ibid at 54. [21] N at 44. [22] Ibid at 8. [23] N (FC) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] UKHL 31 at 20. [24] Chan v Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration) [1995] 3 SCR 593 at 57. [25] Dembour, op.cit., p.272. [26] M. Foster, International Refugee Law and Socio-Economic Rights, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp.344-348. [27] W. Twining, General Jurisprudence: Understanding Law from a Global Perspective, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), p.184. [28] C. Tomuschat, Human Rights: Between Idealism and Realism, (3rd edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), p.431. [29] C. Douzinas, The End of Human Rights: Critical Legal Thought at the Turn of the Century, (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2000), p.2.