How Were the Americas Populated

Only a couple of years ago, archaeologists knew  or thought they knew, when and how human beings ended up in the American continent. The story went like this. About 15,000 years ago, the Wisconsinan glacier was at its maximum, effectively blocking all entrance to the continents south of the Bering Strait. Somewhere between 13,000 and 12,000 years ago, an ice free corridor opened up in what is now interior Canada between the two main ice sheets. That part remains undisputed. Along the ice-free corridor, or so we thought, people from Northeast Asia began to enter the North American continent, following megafauna such as wooly mammoth and mastodon. We called those people Clovis, after the discovery of one of their camps near Clovis, New Mexico. Archaeologists have found their distinctive artifacts all over North America. Eventually, according to the theory, Clovis descendants pushed southward, populating the southern 1/3 of North America and all of South America, but in the meantime a dapting their hunting lifeways for a more generalized hunting-and-collecting strategy. The southerners are known generally as Amerinds. Around 10,500 years BP, a second big migration came across from Asia and became the Na-Dene peoples settling the central portion of the North American continent. Finally, around 10,000 years ago, a third migration came across and settled in the northern reaches of the North American continent and Greenland and were the Eskimo and Aleut peoples.Evidence supporting this scenario included the fact that none of the archaeological sites in the North American continent predated 11,200 BP. Well, some of them actually did, like Meadowcroft Rockshelter in Pennsylvania, but there was always something wrong with the dates from these sites, either context or contamination was suggested. Linguistic data was called upon and three broad categories of language were identified, roughly paralleling the Amerind/Na-Dene/Eskimo-Aleut tri-part division. Archaeological si tes were identified in the ice free corridor. Most of the early sites were clearly Clovis or at least megafauna-adapted lifestyles. Monte Verde and the First American Colonization And then, in early 1997, one of the occupation levels at Monte Verde, Chile--far southern Chile--was unequivocally dated 12,500 years BP. More than a thousand years older than Clovis; 10,000 miles south of the Bering Strait. The site contained evidence of a broad-based subsistence, including mastodon, but also of  extinct llama, shellfish, and a variety of vegetables and nuts. Huts arranged in a group provided shelter for 20-30 people. In short, these preClovis people were living a lifestyle far different than Clovis, a lifestyle closer to what we would consider Late Paleo-Indian or Archaic patterns.Recent archaeological evidence at Charlie Lake Cave and other sites in the so-called Ice Free Corridor in British Columbia indicates that, contrary to our earlier assumptions, peopling of the interior of Canada did not take place until after the Clovis occupations. No dated megafauna fossils are known in the Canadian interior from about 20,000 BP until about 11,500 BP in southern Albert a and 10,500 BP in northern Alberta and northeastern British Columbia. In other words, settlement of the Ice Free Corridor occurred from the south, not the north. Migration When and From Where? The resulting theory begins to look like this: Migration into the Americas had to have taken place either during the glacial maximum--or what is more likely, before. That means at least 15,000 years BP, and likely around 20,000 years ago or more. One strong candidate for primary route of entrance is by boat or on foot along the Pacific coast; boats of one sort or another have been in use at least 30,000 years. Evidence for the coastal route is slim at present, but the coast as the new Americans would have seen it is now covered by water and the sites may be difficult to find. The people who traveled into the continents were not primarily dependent on megafauna, as Clovis peoples were, but rather generalized hunter-gatherers, with a broad base of subsistence.

LOreal Paris True Match Advertisement Essay - 1427 Words

The desire to look pretty is on every women’s wish list. The desire to be confident is on every women’s wish list. The desire to be loved and appreciated is on every women’s wish list. Children are taught that the right people will love them for their hearts and not their looks, but how many reach into adulthood and still believe this? How many believe that love is based completely off of personality? How many believe that what is seen by the eye is not important? In the 2011 L’Orà ©al Paris True Match Makeup Commercial, Jennifer Lopez is seen sitting on the floor in black clothing while showing her bronzed skin with her hair flowing in the air. This commercial combines the ideas beauty and love to make a masterpiece. The actress in the†¦show more content†¦Jennifer Lopez is a celebrity that is known for her good looks, so choosing her to be in the commercial draws her fans and all the people who think she is good looking towards the product that she is advertising. The simple makeup draws the attention to mainly her skin and how clear it. If there was eye makeup or a bright lipstick color on the actress then the attention of the viewer would move to other things, but since the commercial is trying to sell a foundation, the choice of simple makeup puts all the focus on her clear skin. Seeing Lopez’s clear skin and radiant confidence plays with the emotions of the viewers as they start to compare themselves to her. They start to pick out their flaws and yearn to be more like the face that they see on the screen, not realizing that the face they see is edited and photoshopped to look that good. This doesn’t stop them from going and purchasing the product in hopes of achieving the same perfect skin they see on the screen. The simple makeup isn’t the only thing that appeals to the emotions of the viewers. The simple black clothing the celebrity is wearing portrays her innocence and draws the attention to her bronzed skin once ag ain, but mainly to her legs, arms, and shoulders now. Her smooth and tan skin is physically attracting to the viewer and pulls their attention on her and what she says more because of the desire to be as attractive as her. Language is also

Leadership and Performance for Intrinsic Motivation- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theLeadership and Performance for Intrinsic Motivation. Answer: Importance of Intrinsic Motivation in an Organization: Earlier, the organization I work for, used to provide a competitive salary, as well as a highly lucrative incentive plan, and hence the management ensured that anyone who works extra hard does not stay unrewarded. Yet, the employee turnover rate was high, and I myself was unable to feel content with the workplace culture, that was highly autocratic, as well as the lack of career advancement prospects. However, soon as we communicated the issue to the management, after two long years, the company revised its human resource policies. Now, our company has introduced a bi-annual training program, for every deserving employee who would be able to complete professionally certified management courses to upgrade their existent skills. The autocratic culture has been substituted by an employee-friendly, democratic culture where everyone is allowed to engage in the corporate decision-making process. As my colleagues and co-workers started realizing that their opinions are getting valued as wel l, they started feeling content, and their engagement level also increased. They would themselves come up with important suggestions and recommendations and conduct internal training for organizational success. Gradually, the retention rate has increased over the years. The employees have started to value the employer-employee relation at large. Earlier, the company would pay us incentives for working overtime, and yet there was no provision for appraisal programs. Recently, the company also appraises employees through proper employee appraisal employees and provides regular feedback to the employees on their performance. This has helped in building a close relation between the management and the employees, and has motivated the employees to stick to the company for longer period. Job Design and Employee Motivation: The job design of the company I work for, is one of the chief factors that has resulted in high level of motivation at workplace. As an IT expert, although my work is tedious at times, the effective job design has helped in eliminating any form of boredom associated with my job. My organization offers rotational job to the employees. As a result, I do not require to cling to my IT jobs only, but at other times, at least thrice a week, I am also allotted the task of subordinate training and supervision. As I feel bored doing the same tasks, I remain assured that I will soon get to do some other kinds of work as well. This is why I never get totally drained while serving my employer. My present boss understands that it is normal for IT employees like me to get de-motivated and exhausted, doing the same work over and over again. This is why, he also enlarges the job scope of each employee, whereby we stay stimulated being offered more challenging tasks on certain days. We are also allow ed to plan, direct and supervise our own performance, and at least once a week the challenging tasks assigned to us, help in keeping us engaged in a better way. This form of job enrichment has helped in increasing the motivation of most of us, has added greater variety to our works and has offered far more autonomy at workplace than before. Reference List: Cerasoli, C.P., Nicklin, J.M. and Ford, M.T., 2014. Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives jointly predict performance: A 40-year meta-analysis.Psychological bulletin,140(4), p.980. Taylor, J., 2014. Public service motivation, relational job design, and job satisfaction in local government.Public Administration,92(4), pp.902-918.